Guide
How to Read Hepatitis B Serology: HBsAg, Anti-HBs, HBeAg
What a positive HBsAg means, and how to read Anti-HBs, Anti-HBc, and HBeAg. A guide to interpreting hepatitis B serology results, with cited sources.
Phở Team
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Notes on building Phở and sourced lessons. The rule: real evidence, no fabricated sources.
Topic clusters
Reading lab test results
How to read common tests: CBC, liver and kidney function, blood sugar, lipids, electrolytes, blood gas, ECG and more. Every value is cited to the medical literature.
19 articlesAI tool comparisons
Honest comparisons of AI tools for research and clinical work: what each tool does best, when to choose which, and where Phở Chat fits. Every competitor claim carries a verification date.
9 articlesResearch tools & methods
Practical guides for researchers: searching the literature, managing citations, appraising evidence quality, and analyzing research data.
4 articles Guide
How to Read a Vitamin D Test: 25-OH Vitamin D and Deficiency Thresholds
What a 25-OH vitamin D test measures, the ng/mL and nmol/L units, and why the "sufficient" threshold is debated. How to read the result, with cited sources.
Phở Team
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BYOK AI: what bring-your-own-key means, and when it saves you money
BYOK (bring your own API key) explained: how it works, what it costs versus a subscription, what it cannot cover, and how to judge if an app handles keys safely.
The Phở team
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ChatGPT alternative for research: tools that cite real papers
A ChatGPT alternative for literature and clinical work: why assistants fabricate references, what retrieval-grounded tools do differently, and how to pick one.
The Phở team
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Claude alternative for research: what to use when you need real citations
A Claude alternative comparison for research and clinical work: where Claude is strong, where a citation-grounded tool fits better, and how BYOK changes the cost.
The Phở team
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Claude vs ChatGPT for research work: how to choose, and why it may not matter
Claude vs ChatGPT for literature and clinical work: where each is stronger, why neither guarantees real citations, and how your own API key lets you use both.
The Phở team
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Paying 5x more, scoring worse: 5 models on 162 papers
Five Gemini models read the same 162 scientific papers on one criteria set. The model costing 5.6x more lost on every metric.
The Phở team
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12-Lead ECG Placement: Where Every Electrode Goes, With Sources
12-lead ECG placement explained: the exact anatomical position of V1 to V6 and the four limb electrodes, the order to place them in, and what the evidence says happens when they are off.
Phở Team
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How to Read an ANA Test: Titers, Patterns, and What Positive Means
How to read an ANA test result: what the titer means, why 1:160 matters, how many healthy people test positive, and what staining patterns suggest. Every value cited.
Phở Team
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How to Read IgE Tests: Total IgE, Specific IgE, and Sensitization
How to read an IgE test result: what total and specific IgE measure, why a positive result means sensitization rather than clinical allergy, and what the sources do not state.
Phở Team
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How to Read RF and Anti-CCP Results: Sensitivity, Specificity, Seronegative RA
How to read rheumatoid factor and anti-CCP results: what each test measures, their sensitivity and specificity, why a positive RF is not a diagnosis. Every value cited.
Phở Team
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What is beta-hCG? How to read a beta-hCG test result
What beta-hCG is, how qualitative and quantitative tests differ, and why levels are read by trend and clinical context, not one cutoff. Educational and cited.
Phở Team
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What is Ferritin? How to Read a Ferritin Test Result
Learn what ferritin is, normal ferritin ranges by sex, what low and high values suggest, and why inflammation raises it. Cited from StatPearls; ranges vary by lab.
Phở Team
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What are CEA and PSA? How to read tumor marker test results
What CEA and PSA tumor markers are, their reference ranges, and why an elevated value is not a cancer diagnosis. How to read a result, with cited StatPearls sources.
Phở Team
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What is serum uric acid? How to read a uric acid test result
What serum uric acid is, what a normal level looks like, and how hyperuricemia relates to gout. A step-by-step guide to reading results, cited to StatPearls.
Phở Team
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How to Analyze Research Data: A Step-by-Step Guide
Learn how to analyze research data step by step: pick the right statistical test, check assumptions, and report results, with or without SPSS.
Phở Team
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How to Appraise Evidence Quality: A GRADE and Screening Guide
Learn how to appraise evidence quality with GRADE and systematic review screening, from framing your question to grading certainty of evidence.
Phở Team
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How to Manage References and Citations: A Practical Guide
Learn how to manage references and citations with EndNote, Mendeley, and Zotero. A step-by-step guide for researchers to keep sources organized.
Phở Team
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How to Read a Basic ECG: an 8-step guide with sources
Learn basic ECG (EKG) interpretation in 8 systematic steps: rate, rhythm, axis, P wave, PR, QRS, ST-T, QT. Includes a normal-values table with sources.
Phở Team
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How to Read a Lipid Panel: Cholesterol and Triglyceride Ranges
How to read a lipid panel: the standard normal cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglyceride ranges per NCEP ATP III, in one clear reference table.
Phở Team
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How to Read a Urinalysis: A Practical Dipstick Guide
Learn how to read a urinalysis step by step: the dipstick, normal specific gravity, urine pH, and standard reference categories that vary by lab.
Phở Team
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How to Read a CBC: Complete Blood Count Normal Values
A calm, cited guide to reading a CBC. Learn complete blood count normal values and how to interpret CBC results for WBC, hemoglobin, platelets, and MCV.
Phở Team
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How to Read an Arterial Blood Gas: A Systematic Guide
Learn how to read an arterial blood gas step by step: normal pH, PaCO2, HCO3, and PaO2 ranges plus a simple acid-base approach.
Phở Team
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How to Read an Electrolyte Panel: A Simple Guide
Learn how to read an electrolyte panel: normal sodium, potassium, and magnesium ranges explained. Reference ranges vary by lab.
Phở Team
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How to Read HbA1c and Blood Sugar: A Clear Guide
Learn to read HbA1c and blood sugar results, including the HbA1c diabetes range and normal fasting glucose, with thresholds cited to standard criteria.
Phở Team
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How to Read a CRP Result: Normal Values and hs-CRP Explained
Learn how to read a CRP result: what normal CRP means, why it signals inflammation, and how hs-CRP maps to cardiovascular risk. Ranges vary by lab.
Phở Team
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How to Read Kidney Function Tests: eGFR and CKD Stages
Learn how to read kidney function tests: the eGFR normal range, the KDIGO CKD stages, and why serum creatinine varies by age and sex.
Phở Team
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How to Read Liver Function Tests: A Practical LFT Guide
Learn how to read liver function tests: normal ALT AST levels, elevated liver enzymes, and LFT interpretation for hepatocellular vs cholestatic patterns.
Phở Team
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How to Read PT and INR: Prothrombin Time Explained
Learn how to read PT and INR: the normal INR range, what prothrombin time means, and why reference ranges vary by lab.
Phở Team
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How to Read Thyroid Function Tests: TSH, T4 and T3
How to read thyroid function tests: the normal TSH range, high vs low TSH, and why T4 and T3 stay qualitative. Educational and cited.
Phở Team
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How to Search Scientific Literature: PubMed, Scholar, MeSH
Learn how to search scientific literature using PubMed, Google Scholar, MeSH, and Boolean operators to find high-quality research fast.
Phở Team
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Consensus alternative for scientific Q&A: Consensus vs Phở Chat (2026)
Looking for a Consensus alternative? How each tool answers scientific questions, citation reliability, USD pricing and BYOK. Competitor figures verified July 2026.
The Phở team
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Elicit alternative for systematic reviews: Elicit vs Phở Chat (2026)
Looking for an Elicit alternative? Elicit vs Phở Chat for systematic reviews and review writing: features, USD pricing, BYOK. Figures verified July 2026.
The Phở team
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OpenEvidence alternative for doctors outside the US: OpenEvidence vs Phở Chat
OpenEvidence requires a US NPI and left the EU/UK. An alternative for clinicians elsewhere: evidence-tiered answers, cite-or-abstain, no ads. Verified July 2026.
The Phở team
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SciSpace alternative: SciSpace vs Phở Chat for research (2026)
Looking for a SciSpace alternative? An honest comparison: features, credits vs flat pricing, BYOK, and when to pick each tool. Figures verified July 2026.
The Phở team
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Undermind alternative: Undermind vs Phở Chat for deep literature search (2026)
Looking for an Undermind alternative? Agentic deep search vs an all-in-one research workspace: coverage, USD pricing, BYOK. Competitor figures verified July 2026.
The Phở team
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Why "no fabricated sources" is a feature, not a slogan
Measured evidence: language models fabricate citations at scale, and fail nearly half the time when retrieving medical literature. Here is how Phở does it differently.
The Phở team
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Phở Labs — where we read AI-bio research for you
Why Phở opened a home for research, case studies, and build-in-public notes. And the principle throughout: no fabricated sources.
The Phở team
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